Brain Mechanism And Artificial Intelligence Psychology Essay

Brain Mechanism And Artificial Intelligence Psychology Essay Artificial Intelligence is the art of programming computers in order to produce intelligent behavior, whereas brain theory is the study of the brains function, to understand how the brain functions, the stimulations that go within and how outputs are produced via mathematical modeling and computer stimulation. It can be argued that both contain similar characteristics for functionality, both works together, this can be seen through artificial intelligence used to understand the roles of brain mechanisms. Furthermore both are involved in high cognitive task, such as reasoning, problem solving and decision making. Although some philosophers have accepted that machines can do everything that humans can do, some disagree with this view arguing that such high sophisticated behavior such as love, emotions discovery and moral decisions can only be carried out by humans. AI for many years has been pursuing the study of intelligent behaviour, but using artificial methodology. Intelligence can be defined as the ability to learn and understand, to solve problems and make decisions, both AI and the human brain share this characteristic. In order to study human intelligence some use artificial intelligence to understand human processes. One of the most significant papers on machine intelligence has been explored by Alan Turning; however his theories still remain universal. Turning (1950) predicted that by 2000, a computer could be programmed to have a conversation with a human interrogator for five minutes and that it would be able to deceive the interrogator that it is human, this suggest a link between AI and brain mechanisms. Both the human brain and machines are able to solve complex mathematical calculations; a machine may be designed to solve these calculations faster than the human brain. Although evidence suggests that our brain stores the equival ent of about of over 1018 bits and can process information at the equivalent of about 1015 bits per second. Therefore both AI and brain mechanisms can work together to produce efficient results, as it is evident that both accept input and generate the correct output. It is required that an intelligent machine should help human make decisions, to search for information, to control complex objects, and finally to understand the meaning of words. One of the possible definitions of AI refers to cognitive processes and especially to reasoning. Before making any decisions, people also reason, it is therefore natural to explore the links between both. Since the early 1950s, there has been a vast development of AI where it has become a valuable tool to support humans making decisions, similarly specific brain mechanisms are involved in decision making in the brain, one can argue that both working together will lead to more valid and faster decisions. To support this, research shows that more sophisticated and user-friendly forms of computer-assisted decision aiding technologies are being developed, examples include decision support systems and external information retrieval system, this then can work alongside brain mechanisms. AI has largely been used for problem solving; such machines have been created than can go beyond the human brain ability to solve problems. These include solving mathematical problems of high complexity; these are programmed to do exactly what we want them to do. AI is now involved in solving real life issues, which are usually dealt by human brain mechanisms, some may suggest that it may reach to such an extent that it outperforms the best traders and investors. Evidence suggest that they are already involved in to forecast the economy and analyze credit risk, these just being to examples. This is a rapid growing field which needs to be given attention. More money is being spent on this as the developments in this field have been immense. Neural networks, is one specific type of AI that mimics many characteristics of the human brain. Research suggests that neural networks are able to draw conclusions of data that is incomplete and may learn from previous mistakes, thus imitating per formance outputs by brain mechanisms. AI systems are increasingly being developed and increasing rapidly, this is because of the variety of applications it includes, such as symbolic reasoning, flexibility and explanation capabilities, thus both AI and brain mechanisms can work together and produce efficient results that would make every day life seem less effortless and produce faster results. The goal of building AI agents was that it provides efficiency and most importantly works parallel to brain mechanisms, such as contains features such as cognitive abilities which will play a role in decision making and help in difficult and complex human situations. Furthermore cognitive abilities such as perception, reasoning, learning and planning turn technical systems into systems that know what they are doing; therefore they may function in parallel to the ways brain mechanisms do. Through the years there has been vast developments and more work is being put into these systems in order to it contains certain amount of repres ented knowledge , learn from previous experiences in order to prevent mistakes previously made and so that it makes further improvement and changes. Furthermore developers have aimed to develop AI even further, such as justify the actions and decisions made, be aware of the capabilities it contains and be able to reflect on its behaviour, these are the same roles that brain mechanisms play, thus they aim to create a parallel model. Although such developments have been made through many years, it may be argued that AI may still not be able to compete with the advanced functionality of brain mechanisms. Despite the speed and memory capacity, AI struggles to contend. The human brain contains around 20 billion neurons, each neuron being connected through synapses of approximately 10,000 other neurons, which AI cannot possibly mimic. However there has been continuous progress and advances of AI, an example might be face recognition software, which detects photos; the brain does this automatically, and relies on memory similar to AI where it uses its stored memory for collection. In AI this has been used for security purposes, which have demonstrated to be very successful. Previous advances include voice recognition, which both AI and brain mechanisms share. For AI this has not only be used in terms of security reasons but also in order to function the device and making it more easier and convenient for use, this has been done through using different applications, where it involves programming, the same way the brain mechanisms programme in order to carry out specified roles. In addition although AI applications use many techniques, the fundamental building block is called the neural network, likewise brain mechanisms functions the same way. Things that were difficult to reason earlier on have become easier to understand through advances in technology. As the human brain being such a complex mechanism it has been difficult to observe human brain activity. New advances have been made in recent years, FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) being one of these discoveries which has helped immensely to capture brain activity, this has been significant help for AI as it enables to have an insight on brain activity, which may help advance and help imitate brain mechanisms. Furthermore, this then shifts the balance between building artificial intelligent systems and studying natural intelligence. It should be expected that in the future, there should be numerous studies on relating artificial intelligence to natural intelligence. Current evidence suggests that both can work together to demonstrate different cognitive states in humans, here artificial intelligence has been used for learning algorithms to distinguish between various cognitive states observed through FMRI. Looking at this area further, natural and artificial intelligence are both said to be closely related in most objects and in everyday life generally. Both get impacted if are hit physically. Human behavior is said to be artificial at times, both function through language and communication. Communication is essential for both AI and brain mechanisms in order to function. Through communication they are able to send out essential messages, which helps to maintain these systems and allows them to function effectively and plays a key role in all aspects. AI shares many characteristics with brain mechanisms; one may argue that an essential feature which only human mechanisms can produce is emotions. Emotion is defined as a persons feelings and behavior which has a direct affect on the performance, emotions may act as an obstacle to produce intelligent outcome, thus it can be argued that because AI lacks to produce emotions this may not have an impact, therefore not having an influence on the outcomes it produces. However it is essential, that in order to emulate human behavior and to work alongside humans that AI should have emotions, it is required that not only should it think and reason but also be able to show emotions. Overall evidence suggests that both artificial intelligence and brain mechanisms are closely related, both work together in order to produce efficient outcomes. AI and brain mechanisms share many key characteristics such as reasoning, problem solving and decision making and intelligence. Recent evidence suggest that AI has allowed us to understand complex brain processes, this then enables to understand human actions and decisions in more depth. However many researchers still argue that the high level cognition can only be produced by brain mechanisms, such as emotions and feelings that AI fails to produce.

What will the situation for renewable energy in Europe be in 2030?

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century and even a bit before that, great technological advances have been made which are allowing more and more to extract energy out of naturally occuring phenomenons. These include for example sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. The use of non-renewable energies such as fossil fuels is politically and economically defined just as the use of renewable energies are. Even though some more environmentally-friendly option might be available to us through renewable energies, our government might still choose to keep using non-renewable energies that are threatening to the environment such as fossil fuels, for political or economical reasons (the two being usually co-dependent). As citizens, it is out of our power which of those two energies our leaders decide to consume first. The fact that renewable energies might be readily available does not necessarily mean that they will be used. However, the political and economical reasons that can be behind the reason of a choice like this are out of the scope of this essay. The way Europe will use renewable energies in the future and in 2030 will depend on many factors. First of all, technology plays a vital role in this, as without it, renewable energies could not be extracted from the energy sources, or they could but with very little efficiency. The more advanced the technology the more likely we are to turn to renewable energies for our energy needs. In order for this to be worthwhile, the production cost of the used technologies must be much lower than the value of energy that will be extracted with them. Some of the currently used equipment used to extract energy from the environment are very expensive and must assure an interesting return on investment before anyone will consider using them. Let's take the example of wind turbines. The usual 2 megawatt commercial turbine costs around 3 million euros per piece, even though they get cheaper all the time. Considering an annual mean speed of wind of 5 meters per second (pretty low), the traditional 2MW wind turbine will give a return on investment of 3. 8% after a year. This means that there is gonna be profit already less than a year after installation. The average lifespan of wind turbines being around twenty years, the return on investment at the end of that period is very profitable. We can understand why Europe has more than one hundred thousand wind turbines in 2013. In 2013 wind turbine generated electricity is providing more than 8% of the European electricity consumption. A European Environment Agency report shows that wind turbine generated electricity could exceed by three times Europe's expected demand of electricity in 2020. This shows that the capacity of electricity production with the use of renewable energies is practically illimited, and that by using only wind turbines (provided more are installed) we can easily provide enough electricity to all of earth's inhabitants. And this is only through one source of renewable energy (wind). It is important to remember, though obvious, that the amount of wind plays an important role in wind turbine electricity production. That means that windy places with less potential capacity in terms of watts (usually holding less turbines) can produce more electricity than places that hold more turbines but on which there is little wind. Indeed, in 2011, Spain had more electricity production through wind turbines than Germany. This shows that with renewable energies, there is more than the machine we are using. The environmental condition has to be there as well, and so in the case of an unprobable geological event, some of our means of gathering renewable energies might be rendered inefficient and costly. When it comes to sun and wind, there is little to worry about though. On another aspect, the way humans will relate to nature in the future is also a very big factor of our future use or lack of use of renewable energies. Are we going to constantly grow more respectful of nature of less respectful of nature? In 2030, what will be more important for us, preserving a clean earth for our future generations or being willing to trade hurting the planet for cash? As mentioned earlier, there may be dozens of political considerations that get in the way of those decisions, and that us as citizens, are not even aware of. However, considering that our technology becomes constantly more efficient and cheaper, the most logical course of action would be that we begin to use it more and more in every area of our life, including in the extraction of renewable energies. To conclude, there is very little doubt that the situation in Europe concerning renewable energies will have improved much from today. The rate at which technology has evolved in the past years, the rate at which wind turbines and other ecological equipments have been implanted, can only promise a greener future. The numbers are also very encouraging and reassuring, as they seem to show that with the right technology we can almost unlimitedly extract renewable energies. As the amount of non-renewable and polluting energies will be scarce by 2030, we will be forced to put to use the solutions that we have already found. On top of this, as the people who used to have all of the non-renewable ressources do not have it anymore, they no longer either have the money that went along with it. And without the money, their influence on politicians and governments will be gone as well. Instead, it is likely that the wind turbines, the solar cells, the hydroelectric turbines, and the other devices will be paid and installed by all of us, and then the profit will equally get back to all of us.

Effective Supervision Requires Establishing Different...

Effective supervision requires establishing different levels of supervision in order to know which offenders need closer supervision from those who require less supervision (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). Generally, the supervision of offenders is categorized into three or four levels: maximum, medium and minimum or maximum, high, standard, and administrative (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). The administrative level is for probationers or parolees who have committed minor offenses, satisfied financial responsibilities, and been in compliance for two years (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). Probationers and parolees on the administrative level do not require a personal visit or personal contact with the officer (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). Individuals on the administrative level are required to call in and leave a voicemail or mail in a residence verification and employment document (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). A caseload is the number of individuals that one probation or parole officer is responsible for and can supervise effectively (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). The number of people that one officer can supervise varies from state to state (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). The more intensive the supervision is the lower the officer’s caseload (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). In Georgia, probation and parole caseloads are classified under two risk levels of supervision---standard and high (Department of Community Supervision, n.d.). Individuals who have a sex crime conviction will beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Effective communication and its importance to supervision1585 Words   |  7 PagesEffective Communication and its Importance to Supervision Communication can often be overlooked and good communication skills can be easily assumed. If there is a lack of effective communication within an organization it can potentially affect every process. Every aspect and function of an organization relies on communication in some form. A supervisor must realize that only by ensuring effective communication can they have the proper expectations from their employees. Employees must receive adequateRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Motivation Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pageshierarchy of needs Psychologist Abraham Maslow first proposed his ideas around human needs in a 1943 paper â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation†. The paper discusses the different elements of human motivation and needs. For Maslow, human needs are depicted in the form of a pyramid, with the lower-level needs at the bottom and the higher-level needs at the top. At the bottom, the needs are the most basic one. It includes most physiological needs, such as food and sleep, and security needs. The higher theRead MoreThe Case On Foreign Auto Shop907 Words   |  4 Pagesworkers. Alan has developed a deep relationship with his co-workers that is based on trust and routine. Gil and Hans, are the more skilled and experienced employees, who require little supervision; this also goes for Herbie and Bart, who are also highly skilled mechanics that perform the specialized work that’s required. Direct supervision isn’t need for them to complete their tasks and they understand their responsibilities. Employees such as Joanie, Kirk and LaMont, who are less skilled due to theirRead MoreEvidence Bases Practices1650 Words   |  7 PagesThere are approximately 5 million people under community supervision, either probation or parole, on any given day in the United States. Probation is a criminal sanction that permits court supervision of an of fender in the community rather than sentencing him or her to prison. Due to Assembly Bill 109, probation practices have substantially increased. In order to accommodate a proficient environment for prisoners, in 2011, the United States Supreme Court ordered California to drastically reduce itsRead MoreSpan of Control1055 Words   |  5 Pagesspan of supervision and span of responsibility. Span of management refers to the number of subordinates that a manger can efficiently manage. Number of subordinate directly reporting to a manager is known as span. Span of management is important for †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining the complexity of an individual manager’s job and †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining shape and structure of the organisation The term Span of Management is also known as Span of Control or Span of Authority or Span of Supervision. SimplyRead MoreClinical Supervision2740 Words   |  11 PagesClinical supervision sits at the heart of the UK Government s agenda for improving the quality of service delivery (Department of Health, 1997, 1998, 1999). The practice in the workplace was introduced as a way of using reflective practice and shared experiences as a part of continuing professional development. Clinical supervision has ensured that standards of clinical care remain a key mechanism for monitoring the performance of Trusts, with clinical performance measures being given equal weightRead MoreUnderstanding And Treatment Programs For Adult Pedophiles1568 Words   |  7 Pagesreducing the deviant sexual arousal eventually establishing the ability to engage in adult heterosexual relationships (Wilson, 2010). The COSA program is a six-week intense, non –residential program. The counseling consists of psychotherapy, emotional, erotic, and sexual attraction to children. Whether medically, psychoanalytically, or behaviorally orientated, this program share the presumption that a sexual attraction to children is undesirable; and requires modification and treatment (Wilson, 2010)Read MoreOrganization and Management Analysis1470 Words   |  6 Pagesbureaucratic theory focus on establishing a hierarchy, division of labor, rules, and regulations. In the current world, many of the managers think that bureaucratic theory is a hindrance to employees creativity. Administrative theory establishes a set of management principles and functions that applied to the organizations. This serves as a centralized decision making approach (Coulter Robbins, 2012). Neoclassical Organization Theory This theory emphasizes effective and sociopsychological aspectsRead MoreProposal for Setting a Day Care1190 Words   |  5 PagesSummary †¢ Project description †¢ Rationale of proposing day care †¢ Work plan †¢ Project phase †¢ Budget †¢ Conclusion †¢ Works Cited Introduction Huston Community College is a higher education institution that provides learning opportunities to different communities which include Texas, Missouri city and Stanford. The communities around the colleges provide services to the college as they work in institution and some study there. Parents comprise a large portion of these communities and helping themRead MoreSupervision: Performance Management4960 Words   |  20 Pages1. The purpose of supervision Supervision is: â€Å"a process in which one worker is given the responsibility by the organisation to work with another worker(s) in order to meet certain organisational, professional and personal objectives† (Morrison, 2001). Professional supervision is a positive and enabling process that offers the opportunity to bring employee and supervisor together to reflect on work practice. It is the process by which a worker can review and evaluate their work through discussion

Not The Best For Their Children Essay - 1924 Words

After conducting the survey, it was clear that the majority of the parents were allies to the project. With little knowledge of the balls and their benefits, they still pledged support to the concept, wanting the best for their children. Because they have little knowledge about the balls, they are not likely to engage greatly in solving the social issue. Rather, they will support the inclusion of the balls in the classroom. According to their responses, they may be willing to become constituents through donation but would prefer that others donate the balls. The children are also another example of allies to the project. Having very little control or freedom in their lives, they cannot dive into the project in a way that adults can. Rather, they support the use of the balls and will truly utilize them when they are in the classroom. After searching and searching, I was not able to find an opponent to the inclusion of these stability balls. If anything, my only opponent was a sole parent that responded to the survey claiming that they would not support the use of the balls. Unfortunately, due to confidentiality of the survey responses, I am unable to identify the specific family and further question their reasoning for withholding support. From viewing their individual responses, I can gauge that they are not supportive due to their belief that the balls would become a distraction. When questioned whether their children would enjoy the balls, they simply left the comment,Show MoreRelatedVaccinating Our Children Is Best1479 Words   |  6 PagesVaccinating Our Children Is Best Many people today are not properly educated on what vaccines are really all about. Receiving immunization seems like any other normal procedure to be done in a child’s well-check appointment. In part, the pediatrician’s sometimes do not bother explaining to the parents what the vaccination process may provide for their child. Other then the most basic information given not much is known of them. Vaccines should be properly given to individuals, particularly all infantsRead MoreThe Best Treatment For Children With Adhd1191 Words   |  5 Pagesthe best treatment for children with ADHD? It is a question that concerns both researchers and practitioners alike. Although research supports the effectiveness of stimulants (Van der Oord, Prins, Oosterlaan, Emmelkamp, 2008) there are growing concerns about the rare yet serious side effects of these and other ADHD medications (Kubiszyn, 2006). It has generally been agreed in past studies that only two treatments have been validated as effective short-term treatment for school-aged children withRead MoreHomeschooling Is The Best Option For The Children1937 Words   |  8 Pagescomfort of their home instead of sending the child to a private or public school. Some parents believe that home schooling their child is the best option for the child. Parents believe that the child is in a safer in an environment in the comfort of the home. The majority of parents with backgrounds in religious, politics, and ethnic home school their children. There can also be abuse and educational neglect in home education in most cases. Families only turn to home schooling because they feel isRead MoreParents are the Best Teachers to their Children515 Words   |  2 PagesShould we deny that parents are the best teachers? Parents are those who give live to wonderful babies in the world. Nowadays parents in our life are more precious because youn g people do not realized how their parents sacrificed everything for them. We are in this life because of our parents, and they play an important role in our life every day. They still close to us in any circumstances and believe in us no matter what we are doing in our life .They also play the role as a mother, friend, sisterRead MoreChildren s Best Chance At Your Kids1375 Words   |  6 PagesVaccinate Your Kids Parents have responsibilities to protect their children from harm as much as they can and for as the parent is able to do so. They never stop worrying; when the child comes of age the parents take their child to the pediatric doctor to begin the vaccinations. When they get there, the receptionist hands the parent a form explaining all the side effects that may occur, which range from: fatigue, vomiting, and brain damage. The parents see the side effects and they turn tail andRead MoreMonsieur Francois : The Best Interest Of My Children870 Words   |  4 Pages Rachel, I truly believe in my heart, that moving to Paris is in the best interest of my children. Especially, after what occurred this morning. I genuinely feel that, this is the path that God intends for me to take. It s time for a real change, and Paris is the solution. Well, at least for now, Jenna said. Are you sure Jenna? Cause I am sure Monsieur Francois, could help find a competent staff for the new boutique, she asked. Jenna laughed, of course I trust him. If I didn t, IRead MoreIs Competition The Best Amount Of Competition For Our Children?1177 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that competition stands for that particular person or group can succeed, if and only if, everybody else must fail while doing an activity. â€Å"The best amount of competition for our children is none at all† (Kohn). Furthermore, being competitive may bring low self-esteem because if a child isn’t particularly great in a sports other children in the same sport may identify him or her as not being useful or trying hard enough; Another way a child could harbor thoughts that he or she must win toRead MoreEssay on Vaccines: The Best Choice for Our Children?1165 Words   |  5 Pagesrecommended vaccination schedule for their children. Many parents worry about what they do not know about the vaccines. This can include concepts such as what is in the vaccine and how the vaccines themselves, or giving multiple vac cines within a short span of time, affects their children. How combination vaccines such as DTAP and MMRV affect their children’s immune systems or other body systems could be another worry of parents. Today, newborns and young children are routinely vaccinated according toRead MoreWhat Is the Best Way to Educate Our Children4453 Words   |  18 PagesWhat Is The Best Way to Educate Our Children? Western Governors University Collegiate Level Reasoning and Problem Solving Janie Davis What Is The Best Way to Educate Our Children? Education has been in a crisis for a long time in America, but few can agree on a solution to this open-ended problem which debated by both experts and lay persons. Federal and state policies need creation and enactment for targeted assistance to schools needing improvements, like low-income schools andRead MoreChildren And Young People Are Best Cared For By Their Own Families1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Children Act 1989 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Local authorities, courts and parents, together with other agencies in the UK were allocated duties to ensure children and young people are safeguarded, and to promote their welfare. The idea is that children and young people are best cared for by their own families, but provisions are made for those parents and families that are unable to co-operate with statutory bodies. 7) Any delays in the system when a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬TMs welfare is at risk will have a detrimental impact on